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[Music]

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hi everyone I am the call from

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Georgetown and I'm going to be talking

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to you about the betta genomics epi

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anoxic basin of Lake Untersee so today

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I'm just gonna go over the relevance of

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and how analog environments and talk

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about my samples and how they were

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prepped what results I got and future

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work so so there are a lot of new

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propulsion systems being made currently

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frankly not work drive but still really

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cool and they're gonna take us farther

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than ever before and faster and now

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we're gonna have all these explorers

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organic robotic going these places so we

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need them to have a roadmap of what to

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look for we don't really want them to

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have a preconceived notion of what life

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is but they need some kind of plan so

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how do we figure out what they should do

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we study analog environments and analog

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environments are extreme environments

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here on earth with conditions that are

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really hospitable to life as we know it

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and some of them are D Antarctic Dry

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Valleys good analog for Mars and hard to

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go they contour Siegen analog protion

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worlds we'll talk about that later

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craters of the moon good analog for

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craters or lava tubes under the Martian

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surface so why study them well we're

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kind of stuck on earth so we don't have

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a lot of options one of them would be

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computer simulations or we could

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simulate these environments in a

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laboratory or we could go out and

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actually find extreme environments that

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are taking a few liberties similar to

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those of other worlds if life can

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survive in these places we get to learn

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about them we get to learn how they

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survive in these extreme environments

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and that helps us broaden the definition

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of habitable get talk to you a little

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bit about my extreme environment which

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is Lake Untersee

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and it is located in Antarctica it's

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always covered in ice three to five

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meters all year long

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and it's closed off from the environment

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almost no external nutrient flow and as

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it is in Antarctica it is covered in

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darkness six months of the year and only

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simple organisms have been found here

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only prokaryotes and viruses and no use

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so far but that's not the only

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interesting thing about it it has two

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basins

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it has aerobic basin and the anoxic

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Basin jariabek Basin is deeper than

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anoxic Basin near the glacier and it is

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completely homogeneous well mixed and it

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has oxygen in it the top 60 so if you

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look at this one the Green Line about

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the top 60 meters of the anoxic Basin is

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similar to the aerobic Mason well mixed

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and then there is about a 10 meter

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OxiClean where the oxygen suddenly drops

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to zero and then we have this little 20

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meter pocket of completely stratified

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anoxic water but it also happens to be

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so this 20 meter pocket also happens to

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be a low pocket of methane and has one

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of the highest methane concentrations on

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earth and since there is no methane seep

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it is believed to be a biotic of origin

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so that was all good but now we're going

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to talk about what's really important

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here that's me so I talked about these

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intrepid explorers earlier it so happens

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that I myself and one of them last fall

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I made the artist director Antarctica

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and a very little-known vessel known as

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the Boeing set at 370 737 I know you

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haven't heard of it don't don't worry

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it's very specialized um so I collected

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samples with a creamy bit of help from

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the anoxic Basin

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so we used a Miskin bottle we can talk

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about what that is later if you're

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interested collected samples from the

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bottom of the oxy klein 75 meters as

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well as two locations within the anoxic

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zone ninety two meter ninety nine meter

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because it is stratified so I want to

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look at more than one depth then I used

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a concentrating pipette which is this

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really cool device that sucks up water

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with this little straw like filter is a

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whole of fiber filter comes in

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in sizes and then use as a solution

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buffer to elute whatever gets stuck in

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this filter and whatever water is

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filtered out goes out so we use a point

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four or five micron filter initially

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because we wanted to catch any sediments

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or over larger organisms the filtrate we

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ran three point zero five micron filter

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because we wanted to catch any bacteria

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phages that could be present or smaller

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organisms and then we saved all of this

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in a liquid nitrogen pine cry shipper or

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at least that's what I wish I had done

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because this guy is not meant for

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Antarctica the inner fluidics freeze and

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it pops a tube and it's useless and some

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of us don't have very good foresight and

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don't pack a lot of other filters with

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them so we end up bringing water back

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from Antarctica naaku which meant I only

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had about 200 milliliters of water to

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concentrate cells from and that gave me

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a really hard time because that's

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extremely low biomass and I had to try a

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bunch of different kinds of extractions

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so I think and as I've talked about this

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a lot really well

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so we tried a bunch of different forms

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of lysis so breaking down the cells we

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just beat beated it shook it really

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really hard in some soap with a bunch of

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beet and or used like lytic enzymes to

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break open the cells and use a bunch of

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different kits modified with modified

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protocols that are currently in the

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market and we finally got enough DNA

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just enough to be able to sequence it

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with this new Swift Wynette's kit which

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is a kid for library prep using alumina

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and it works with as little as ten

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picograms of DNA and it also works when

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it nicked or damaged DNA so real cool

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didn't got the sequences back and all

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these tiny a 150 base Bayer AG seasoned

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T's put them together had longer jg

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seasoned teeth and then I had a big fat

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community of a puzzle makes that puzzle

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so started looking into that results

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first thing was looking in so you like

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seeing what what was there actually I

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hope you're all enough for that

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so few cool things here we have freddiew

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bacteria these green ones are to produce

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we have a lot of firmicutes Bacteroides

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but these little pink ones are purple

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ones are URI archaea and your your Kyoto

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really are really cool because as you

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recall this is a anoxic methanogenic um

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basin and URIs are known for having some

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of the most managed ins within them so

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if I hadn't found something like this I

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would have been disappointed to say the

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least so I looked more closely at the

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URIs and Wow look at all the unknowns

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now what does that mean well that means

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I get to broaden the branches of the

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tree of life I get to write a lot of 500

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more genome announcement papers so also

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this is going to shock you so please

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please contain yourselves we have this

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myth a no methane-rich anoxic water with

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a lot of methanogens

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and I found a complete myth antigenic

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pathway there is methane being made

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biotic Lee I'm shocked so but we have

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other organisms other organisms that

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methanogens we also have bacteria which

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does new mechanic genesis so there has

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to be something else happening according

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to literature der a lot of sulfur

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compounds in the anoxic basin so the

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natural conclusion is sulfate reduction

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so sulfate reduction is happening and

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both the anoxic basin and sorry in both

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the OxiClean region and the anoxic

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region and as you perhaps recall we had

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proteobacteria announcer as well as

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Firmicutes and deltas that are part of

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the produ bacterial phylum Firmicutes

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have the two largest groups of sulfate

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reducers with into bacterial domain so

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these are two ways that they're making a

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living there are definitely other ways

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and I will look into those later because

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I don't really have time and future work

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because if there is new future work I'll

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be out of a job looking for mags the

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meta-genome assembled genomes so

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that whole big puzzle I try to put

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little pieces of puzzle together dad

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belong to the same organism that's a

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much better than what I had thank you

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for that

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so yes again as a lot of branch of the

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Tree of Life I had a lot of lines to my

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upper CV so that's great I need are any

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working transcriptome aches but since my

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samples were not very well preserved

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that's probably not going to happen

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until I get new samples or you or I talk

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to some RNA specialists so if you even

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work a lot with RNA please please help

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me

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also there is I collected samples from

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the sediment the benthic sediments and I

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think it's going to be super cool to

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study how their sediment the sediments

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which are actually quite rich in

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organisms are going to interact with the

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water and what that exactly does so that

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will be cool to study and that's all

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thank you to the people in a bowl to

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help me with the science and with the

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sample collection and everybody else for

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their emotional supports because I'm

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quite a handful thanks to t'lani

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is study for sending me to Antarctica

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NASA for helping me do all of that and

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the Johnson my signatures are obviously

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for giving me a desk and a promise at

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the PhD and I made that myself thank you

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Hey

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so cool talk I'm interested though for

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your metagenomics work how did you do

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your tax on bidding I don't know who to

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look at Hey

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oh hi how did you do you're a taxonomic

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profiling how did I do my taxonomic

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profiling so we used meta pathways I

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don't know if you're similar with it or

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not so many pathways did an annotation

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against the refseq database and I used

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40 marker genes which all belong to the

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ribosome which were found within

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meta-genome and it gave me a list of

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organisms that they had the best match

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to now this is more accurate than doing

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a 16s because in addition to 16s it used

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a lot of other genes that are also

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present in ribosomes and tyrannies as

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well is there any evidence for with an

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atrophic life that could be redox couple

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to the sulfate reduction

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you know I am definitely looking for

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that that is something that I am also

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interested in because there's all this

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methane there's all this uneaten lunch

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that I want to know if it's being used

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so that is the one of the next steps as

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well as I want to look at all these

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managing of assembled genomes to see if

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there are any known miss Ana tropes

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how are you how are you gonna come up

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with a whole bunch of species names I

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see you know I just recently published

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one and if I wished it and um this I

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don't I'm forgetting the name of the

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journal shouldn't say they don't let you

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name it but if you find my genome

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announcement paper I'm calling it

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mechanic laziest Untersee on says so

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call it that I'm gonna ask a question

274
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I'd abused my Mike powers

275
00:12:20,430 --> 00:12:17,500
uh did you find any evidence for

276
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anaerobic oxidation of methane or anomie

277
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or something like so honestly I haven't

278
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looked very closely at him he asked if I

279
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just recently got the data back a few